Daly - MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

How to draw internal structure of Human heart - Easy version Internal structure of human heart shows four chambers viz. two atria and two ventricles and couple of blood vessels opening into them. The wall of two ventricles are strong and sturdy when compared to atria. Before we start, we shall recall  the basic proportions of heart and its chambers. The right Auricle is larger than left. The walls of  Left ventricle are thicker than the walls of Right ventricle.We shall try to incorporate the above details in the diagram for maximum accuracy. In this diagram we have omitted the chordae tendinae for sake of simplicity however I will post it next tutorial "Detailed internal structure of Heart". Step 1: Draw a diagonal line from Right to Left using pencil at center of  page. Mark R and L as shown. Here our left becomes right on paper.   Step2: Draw basic shape of heart showing upper broad and lower tapering end along reference line. Make sure the right upper corner is little pro

Not Just Memory Loss: How To Care For a Loved One With Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, causing memory loss and cognitive decline. As the disease advances, it becomes increasingly challenging for patients and their families to navigate daily life. This comprehensive guide aims to help you understand the symptoms, causes, and care strategies for Alzheimer’s and dementia patients, enabling you to provide the best possible support for your loved ones. What Is Alzheimer’s Disease? Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, thinking, and reasoning skills. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of cases. Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease, which means that it causes the death of brain cells over time, leading to a reduction in brain size and function. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s dise

How to draw human digestive system The human digestive system starts with mouth and ends with anus. Intake of food into to mouth is called Ingestion.Mouth encloses a cavity within called Buccal cavity or Oral cavity. Three pairs of salivary glands pour their secretions called saliva in to this cavity. The muscular tongue pushes the food under grinding teeth as it mixes with saliva, this process is called "Mastication". Mastication makes the food into ball of paste. Salivary amylase" an enzyme in saliva starts the digestion of starch right away from mouth. As soft ball of food enters Oesophagus, the wavy movements (Peristaltic movements) drive the bolus into stomach. Oxyntic cells present in inner lining of stomach secrete Hcl acid which has killing action on Microbes and partially denatures the proteins in food.Slimy mucous secreted my mucous glands of stomach protect inner lining from self destruction due to acid. Gastric juices of stomach starts digestion of Proteins,

Medical Knowledge 1. The sympathetic postganglionic fibers, called adrenergic fibers, release norepinephrine. Yes, that statement is correct. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers, also known as adrenergic fibers, release norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) as their primary neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and belongs to a class of compounds known as adrenergic agonists. It plays a crucial role in the sympathetic nervous system's response, commonly known as the "fight or flight" response. When a sympathetic nerve impulse reaches the terminal end of a postganglionic fiber, norepinephrine is released into the synaptic cleft. Norepinephrine then binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues, including organs, blood vessels, and smooth muscle cells. The binding of norepinephrine to these receptors initiates a series of physiological responses, such as increased heart rate, vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), and increased blood pressure

CONSTIPATION NURSING DIAGNOSIS & CARE PLAN Constipation is the decrease in normal frequency of bowel movements. It is also typically accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and stool that is often extremely hard and dry. Constipation is very common and one of the most frequently seen gastrointestinal complaints. It can affect anyone however the following individuals are more prone to constipation: ▪️Elderly: typically, these individuals are less active, have slower metabolisms, and less muscle strength along the digestive tract ▪️Women (particularly pregnant women or shortly after childbirth): changes in hormones can cause constipation and for pregnant women the baby often pushes on the intestines resulting in a slower passage of stool ▪️Individuals with neurological disease CAUSES There are several causes of constipation from lifestyle choices, to medications, and different medical conditions. A list of common causes is listed below. ▪️Low fiber diet ▪️Dehydration

Human Body – 96 Basic  Principles Siddhars or Siddhas the spiritual scientists of Tamil Nadu (Ancient South India) are the pioneers of this scientific system. Siddhas fundamental principles never differentiated man from the universe. According to them, “Nature is man and man is nature and therefore both are essentially one". "Man is said to the microcosm and the Universe is Macrocosm, because what exists in the Universe exists in man.”  Siddha system trusts that all objects in the universe including human body are combined of five basic primordial elements, namely earth, water, fire, air and space. Siddhas defined 96 principles as the constituents of Human Being. They comprise Physical, Physiological, Mental and Intellectual mechanisms of a person. They are nothing but the materialization of the “Five Basic Elements “. The human body is composed of 96 Tattvas (Thathuvam) or basic principles. They are… ⚫Elements – 5 1. Earth 2. Water 3. Fire 4. Air 5. Space ⚫Sense Organs – 5 1

8 Facts About The Urinary System Every Nursing Student Should Know. The function of the urinary system is to maintain homeostasis of the body. It also regulates fluid and electrolytes and removes waste through the formation of urine. And, the urinary system also assists in the regulation of blood pressure. T his system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and a urethra. The structures of the urinary system are responsible for the formation and expulsion of urine from the body. This article will look at the structures of the urinary system, follow urine from formation to excretion and look at some of the hormones that assist the urinary system in its functions. These are 8 Facts about the Urinary System Every Nursing Student Should Know. Fact #1: The Structures of the Urinary System Include the Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder and the Urethra. Kidney The kidneys are bean-shaped organs. They are located on the posterior wall of the abdomen between the 12th thoracic vertebra and the 3

Brain basics 1. Frontal Lobe Located behind the forehead, the frontal lobes are the largest lobes of the brain. They are prone to injury because they sit just inside the front of the skull and near rough bony ridges.  These two lobes are involved in: ▪️planning & organizing  ▪️problem solving & decision making ▪️memory & attention ▪️controlling behavior, emotions & impulses The left frontal lobe plays a large role in speech and language. 🔹Problems After Injury Injury to the frontal lobes may affect: ▪️emotions & impulses ▪️language ▪️memory ▪️social and sexual behavior Brain basics  2. Parietal Lobe Located behind the frontal lobes, the parietal lobes: ▪️ integrate sensory information from various parts of the body ▪️ contain the primary sensory cortex, which controls sensation (touch, hot or cold, pain) ▪️ tell us which way is up ▪️ help to keep us from bumping into things when we walk 🔹Problems After Injury Damage to the parietal lobes may result in: