Daly - MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

Pregnancy  The first sign of pregnancy is most often: Missed menstrual period.  Explanation: Missed menstrual period is most often the first sign of pregnancy. Sometimes a woman who is pregnant may still experience some bleeding or spotting around the time of the expected period. When it occurs, this is so called "implantation bleeding." Nausea and vomiting or "morning sickness" may be due to elevations in levels of: Estrogens Explanation: Elevations in estrogen that occur early in pregnancy are thought to slow the emptying of the stomach and may be related to the development of nausea. Abdominal enlargement or bloating in the early stages of pregnancy are due to weight gain: Not true...  Explanation: Some women may experience feelings of abdominal enlargement or bloating, but there is usually only a small amount of weight gain in the first trimester of pregnancy. In this early stage of pregnancy, a weight gain of about one pound per month i...

1. Allergies can best be described as: The answer is: An overreaction from the immune system to a foreign substance Explanation: Allergies are an overreaction from the body's immune system to foreign substances called allergens. Allergic reactions can result in sneezing, coughing, runny nose, and itching. Most of the time the reactions are bothersome, but in some cases they can be life-threatening and severe.  Allergies may be seasonal, such as hay fever, but they may also be associated with chronic conditions such as asthma or sinusitis. 2. The term allergic rhinitis is the proper medical term for "hay fever." Explanation: The term allergic rhinitis is the proper medical term for "hay fever." Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal passages which can cause symptoms such as sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, runny nose, and postnasal drip (when mucus drains from the sinuses down the back of the throat).  Most people develop symptoms of allergic rhini...

How to draw internal structure of Human heart - Easy version Internal structure of human heart shows four chambers viz. two atria and two ventricles and couple of blood vessels opening into them. The wall of two ventricles are strong and sturdy when compared to atria. Before we start, we shall recall  the basic proportions of heart and its chambers. The right Auricle is larger than left. The walls of  Left ventricle are thicker than the walls of Right ventricle.We shall try to incorporate the above details in the diagram for maximum accuracy. In this diagram we have omitted the chordae tendinae for sake of simplicity however I will post it next tutorial "Detailed internal structure of Heart". Step 1: Draw a diagonal line from Right to Left using pencil at center of  page. Mark R and L as shown. Here our left becomes right on paper.   Step2: Draw basic shape of heart showing upper broad and lower tapering end along reference line. Make sure the right upper corner is l...

Not Just Memory Loss: How To Care For a Loved One With Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, causing memory loss and cognitive decline. As the disease advances, it becomes increasingly challenging for patients and their families to navigate daily life. This comprehensive guide aims to help you understand the symptoms, causes, and care strategies for Alzheimer’s and dementia patients, enabling you to provide the best possible support for your loved ones. What Is Alzheimer’s Disease? Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, thinking, and reasoning skills. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of cases. Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease, which means that it causes the death of brain cells over time, leading to a reduction in brain size and function. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s dise...

How to draw human digestive system The human digestive system starts with mouth and ends with anus. Intake of food into to mouth is called Ingestion.Mouth encloses a cavity within called Buccal cavity or Oral cavity. Three pairs of salivary glands pour their secretions called saliva in to this cavity. The muscular tongue pushes the food under grinding teeth as it mixes with saliva, this process is called "Mastication". Mastication makes the food into ball of paste. Salivary amylase" an enzyme in saliva starts the digestion of starch right away from mouth. As soft ball of food enters Oesophagus, the wavy movements (Peristaltic movements) drive the bolus into stomach. Oxyntic cells present in inner lining of stomach secrete Hcl acid which has killing action on Microbes and partially denatures the proteins in food.Slimy mucous secreted my mucous glands of stomach protect inner lining from self destruction due to acid. Gastric juices of stomach starts digestion of Proteins, ...

Medical Knowledge 1. The sympathetic postganglionic fibers, called adrenergic fibers, release norepinephrine. Yes, that statement is correct. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers, also known as adrenergic fibers, release norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) as their primary neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and belongs to a class of compounds known as adrenergic agonists. It plays a crucial role in the sympathetic nervous system's response, commonly known as the "fight or flight" response. When a sympathetic nerve impulse reaches the terminal end of a postganglionic fiber, norepinephrine is released into the synaptic cleft. Norepinephrine then binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues, including organs, blood vessels, and smooth muscle cells. The binding of norepinephrine to these receptors initiates a series of physiological responses, such as increased heart rate, vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), and increased blood pressure...

CONSTIPATION NURSING DIAGNOSIS & CARE PLAN Constipation is the decrease in normal frequency of bowel movements. It is also typically accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and stool that is often extremely hard and dry. Constipation is very common and one of the most frequently seen gastrointestinal complaints. It can affect anyone however the following individuals are more prone to constipation: ▪️Elderly: typically, these individuals are less active, have slower metabolisms, and less muscle strength along the digestive tract ▪️Women (particularly pregnant women or shortly after childbirth): changes in hormones can cause constipation and for pregnant women the baby often pushes on the intestines resulting in a slower passage of stool ▪️Individuals with neurological disease CAUSES There are several causes of constipation from lifestyle choices, to medications, and different medical conditions. A list of common causes is listed below. ▪️Low fiber diet ▪️Dehydration ...